H1N1 and Canadian Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

H1N1 and Canadian Health Care - Research Paper Example Reason being was young and middle-aged adults are mostly out of their houses which can easily acquire the virus. The virus is said to be contagious and can easily be transmitted as a regular seasonal flu. The process could include when an infected person coughs or sneezes and germs enter the nose, eyes or throat of another person. Public counters and doorknobs could be potentially dangerous as the germs rest on different surfaces. It resembles same sign and symptoms of an ordinary influenza but in some cases can develop nausea, vomiting, sore throat, mild conjunctivitis and diarrhea. Initial symptoms could be mild but if left untreated could lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure. In children, they may present nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain while infected infants may present a sepsis-like syndrome. Since H1N1 resembles the strain of common influenza virus, the diagnosis can be considered in any patient with flu-like symptoms. A PCR Test to detect H1N1 virus is now being used to check infection of swine flu. Treatment approach is conservative through relieving of symptoms by use of over-the-counter drugs but for those late stages a use of antiviral drugs is the option. Recently, as the virus spreads around the world, most government would require vaccines and different television stations are now advertising frequent hand washing with use of soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to reduce transmission of infection. H1N1 entering Canada It was first cited that H1N1 virus first appeared in Canada as per Public Health Agency of Canada reported. Though, the Canadian Government has expected the arrival of the second wave of the illness last October 2009 since there was an increased in H1N1 activity in several parts of the country; this would mean that there is an increased in number of Canadians infected by the virus. Though, the Canadian Government is in continuous work with international partners in learning more about the virus and to prepare in case there would be some changes to the virus' nature and if there would be another wave infecting the nation. As it rapidly affecting most Canadians, there is still no evidence suggesting the strain becomes stronger. Death Toll and Canadian Government Stand on the illness As we already knew the process of virus transmission. Canadian Government as a firm stand on how we could prevent the disease from spreading and the possibility of infecting others. Deaths Province / Territory New Deaths reported (from November 24, 2009 to November 26, 2009, 11h00 EDT) Cumulative British Columbia 2 36 Alberta 6 51 Saskatchewan 1 12 Manitoba 0 9 Ontario 16 95 Quebec 5 83 New Brunswick 0 6 Nova Scotia 0 5 Prince Edward Island 0 0 Newfoundland and Labrador 0 8 Yukon 0 2 Northwest Territories 0 1 Nunavut 0 1 Total 30 309 Source: The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) The Public Health Agency of Canada has taken some steps to follow to avoid the infection through the following simple steps: 1. Use of Alcohol-based sanitizer or frequent

Why College Education Is Important To You Essay Example for Free

Why College Education Is Important To You Essay Returning to college is not an easy task to take on with a family and full time employment in a financial field. Returning to college takes time, which is what people with busy lives wish they always had more of. Making the decision to return to further your education, means that a person has goals and ambitions, something that they would like to accomplish in life. People who return to college in some way are looking to better themselves. College education is important to myself for all of the above reason and more. A college degree is a must in the financial field. The customers that come into the bank look at their assistant branch manager as a financial advisor. They look for the best financial advice that you can give them. Doctors, Lawyers, and Certified Public Accountants do not want a financial advisor with a high school education. A college degree is a growing need in all occupations in order to compete competitively in a professional field. Employers are looking for well-rounded employees who are able to keep up in an ever changing atmosphere. They are also looking for people who can work independently and efficiently without constant supervision. I believe a college education teaches many of the aspects to not only make a better employee efficient in their field but also a well-rounded individual in society. I believe receiving my college degree will make me that competitive employee my company is looking for. My college start came to a haul for me eight years ago, when I was unable to continue due to extenuating circumstances. It has always been a goal of mine to attend college again and finish the program this time around. My career goals may have changed from forensic science to finance but the thought of going back to school has never expired. As Thomas Edison once said â€Å"Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always try just one more time.† This is my chance to try one more time. This is my chance to prove that I can complete this program and  receive my associates’ degree. Another reason that college is important to me is the fact that this has the potential to propel me forward in my career. Banking and finance is the career I have choose in life. Studies have shown that people with a college education make more money annually then people with a high school education. I would like to live comfortably and not pay check to pay check. I would like to travel and be able to take exotic vacations. I would like to be able to securely take care of my family one day. Education can mean so many things to so many people. There are so many different reasons why people choose to further their education. Success, knowledge, and financial gain are the main reasons that receiving a college degree is important to me. As Napolà ©on Hill said â€Å"Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything.† At 28 years old I now have the desire to continue my education to not only better my own life but to better the lives of my family as well. References Thomas A. Edison. (n.d.) BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com.Website:http://www.brainyquotes.com/quotes/quotes/t/thomasaed149049.html Napoleon Hill. (n.d.) BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved December 4, 2014, from BrainyQuote.com. Website: http://www.brainyquotes.com/quotes/quotes/n/napleonhil65555.html

Career Path: Who am I? Essay -- Psychology

Finding a career that overlaps personal and professional concerns is the focus of most career counseling. O*net (2000) has created two assessment tools that help individuals navigate this difficult impasse. This paper focuses on my individual results, reactions and conclusions regarding these two assessments. Career Instrument Results Built around Holland’s Theory of Types and Person-Environment Interactions, the Interest Profiler (IP) and Work Locator (WL) instruments are self-administered, self-scored surveys designed to reveal an individual’s personality type and work values in order to match themselves with a career that will allow the appropriate expression of both. According to the results of these instruments I am categorized as Artistic-Achievement. My secondary interests are Social and Investigative. My secondary work value was revealed as both Relationships and Support. My current job zone is four and my future job zone is five. Niles & Bowlsbey (2009) gives an account of Holland’s personality types. According to this description, artistic types â€Å"prefer ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 64). They tend to gain knowledge in language, art, music, drama and writing and have less tendency toward clerical or business related topics. Some words associated with this type that I feel apply to me include: complicated, imaginative, disorderly, intuitive, nonconforming, expressive, idealistic and original. There are a few that I don’t think I adhere to: introspective, impractical, and impulsive. I will admit that this assessment could be due, at least in part, to a lack of personal insight. It’s interesting to note that my secondary interest areas are Social and Investigative; the two personality pat... ...demic pursuits and the many hats I wear as a mom give me room to express my creativity and build relationships that have great impact on the entire community. I look forward to the future and what God has in store for my life. I believe that He alone has called me to this profession. He alone created me to fulfill His purpose and bring about His kingdom. Works Cited Niles, S. G. & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2009). Career development interventions in the 21st century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Interest profiler. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http://online.onetcenter.org. U. S. Department of Labor (2000). Work importance locator. Retrieved April 2, 2012 from http://online.onetcenter.org. Whiston, S. C. (2009). Principles and applications of assessment in counseling. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

Reviewing the Homepage of Prestons Website :: Prestons Websites Showrooms Essays

Reviewing the Homepage of Preston's Website In the following report I will be reviewing the homepage of Prestons website, www.Prestons.co.uk. Prestons is a showroom situated in Colne, who deals with cars such as BMW and MINI. I will be explaining the content, layout and purpose of this webpage, and any improvements which I think could enhance the current company image. Content The homepage of Prestons website consists of both images and text. The main images drawn to my attention are: a red eye to show RedMammoth who is/ are the producer (s) / designer (s) of this website. Alongside that, is a picture of one of the latest models of BMW, the BMW x5, which is silver. Due to the fact that Prestons also deals with the sales of MINI, there is a picture of a silver MINI. Prestons also deals with Hillendale Land Rover’s; this is shown on their homepage, which is illustrated with a picture of the latest model of Landrover’s which is the Range Rover Vogue. The last of the images on this webpage is a Platinum Privilege card, which represents group information. To show what each image is there is an arrow pointing to each image and besides each arrow in the font Arial, size 9.5; it says what each image is representing in grey text. Beneath each image, there is a contact number for each link which is being represented by each picture except for underneath group information. There is a symbol for a telephone next to each number. The number is in the font Arial size 12. The largest piece of text within this homepage is PrestonsGroup which is again written in Arial but size 16. The font Arial has been used all throughout this homepage. The slogan â€Å"EXCELLENCE IN EVERYTHING WE DO† is written beneath PrestonsGroup in uppercase lettering, size 12. Prestons address is shown in white size 11. The rest of the text within this page is also in white. Beneath the address written in size 12 is the email address of Prestons. There are four different columns for the different purposes of this homepage i.e. a column for BMW, a separate column for MINI etc. No particular colour scheme has been kept throughout this homepage except for the images of the cars which are all silver, and each of the four columns are coloured differently. The RedMammoth column is in red, the BMW column in light blue, the MINI column in grey, the Hillendale landrover column in green and the group information column in dark blue. In each column there is a brief note as to what each one links

Cafeteria Food Essay

Some people think that school cafeterias should be required to provide low-fat and/or vegetarian lunch options to accommodate the government’s nutritional guidelines, but all students do not eat the same. In my essay about cafeteria food, I will explain what students want in their food. I will also share the likes and dislikes in the food and what we can do to improve it. Cold pizza, undercooked hamburgers and brown lettuce sounds nasty. Many students from different states and districts have to deal with that every day at their schools. The food from the cafeterias used to be good, with a sweet flavor, but in the last few years the food had taken a different flavor, a flavor that cannot be tolerated by the students. The students need a better quality in their food, don’t they? It’s time for a change, a change to food, so students can be satisfied while their eating, a change to food that can be really worth it. As a matter of fact, we students pay money to the district every year and this is what we get? It’s time for a change. Everybody knows that eating healthy was from the past. However, now students and not necessarily just students eat fast food like McDonalds or Taco Bell. Now everybody does, which can be a good and a bad thing. The changes of the food’s taste has made many students to not eat at school, or even made students to bring lunch, and this as a matter of fact causes the school to lose money. In all actuality is the loss of money causing the school to give students poorly made food? If the schools would serve students food from places like Pizza Hut and Subway I can guarantee that most or all students would eat at the cafeterias and it would benefit to both school and students. These types of foods would be so great to have in schools, but unfortunately the district and the governments have taken action and unfairly, they have set down laws that prohibit these foods in the schools. They have settled these laws because they want us as students to eat healthy, but if they want to keep us healthy, why are they giving us food with a bad and nasty taste? Also, with these laws they keep students like me away from eating too much â€Å"junk† food because they can cause obesity. But do they keep on giving us food that is not even worth the amount of money our parents give to the government every year? If they were the ones who eat all of the nasty food given by the cafeteria they would of get tired of eating cold pizza and uncooked hamburgers with brown lettuce just like we the students do. In conclusion, we all understand what the government and the school system is trying to do with this healthy eating program. They want to promote healthy eating habits in an effort to prevent obesity. Although nutrition is important, students feel that there is a better way to have healthy food without ruining the taste. Therefore, in an effort to keep students healthy and leave with their stomachs satisfied we should all come together to realize that we are the ones that have to make it through the school day with the food.

International Human Resource Management Essays (3057 words)

International Human Resource Management Essays (3057 words) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY International Human Resource Management(IHRM) can be defined as the methods of selecting, allocating, and utilizing human resources effectively in an international context. IHRM is the methods of selecting, allocating, and utilizing human resources effectively in an international context. MURDOCH is distinguished as a leading Australian and Worldwide famous university. To be successful, the university focuses on attracting, retaining and patronizing those educators who are dedicated to best quality student experiences and outcomes. The University has introduced recognizing and rewarding current educational staff members for exceptional assistance in learning, training and research. The university follow a strong international human resource management strategy for managing its international stuff. This report focuses on IHRM practices in and the IHRM issues face by MURDOCH University. This report focus on following issues: How MURDOCH manage its international workforce IHRM policies and practices of MURDOCH . Recruitment and selection, training, performance management and remuneration process of MURDOCH INTRODUCTION Resource Management (HRM) is process of recruiting, managing, and providing direction to the personnel who work in an organization Human Resource Management is an important organizational activity that focuses on issues regarding personnel such as hiring, compensation, organization development, performance management, wellness, safety, benefits, employee motivation, training, administration, and communication. Human Resource Management is called a comprehensive and strategic approach to managing workforce and environment of the workplace. Efficient HRM enables workforce to perform effectively and efficiently to increase the production and achieve the organizational goal. One of the important parts of HRM is International HRM. IHRM is the methods of selecting, allocating, and utilizing human resources effectively in an international context. IHRM refers asset of activities that enables organizations to manage workforces at international level to ensure goal achievement organizational objectives and IHRM includes performing HRM activities such as such as hiring, compensation, organization development, performance management, wellness, safety, benefits, employee motivation, training, administration, and communication at an international context. The process of IHRM would be very simple if the multinational corporations simply trade its products, operating only a few offices in foreign countries. Bit in present world, organizations spread their activities and operations in a large number of countries. Thus IHRM is an important point for organizations. IHRM is very complex for many organizations. They have to build integration among HR practices and policies of its subsidiary firms in different territory in order to achieve overall organizational objectives. On the other hand, these organizations also ensure significant level of flexibility in their IHRM strategy because employees from different countries are backed by different cultures and social values. Flexibility has a significant influence on the performance of the employees (Richman et al. May 2008). Because of the forces of internationalization and the demand of the organizations to develop and implement a strong international strategy, International Human Resource Management (IHRM) is becoming a prerequisite to success of the organization. IHRM managers often face difficulties to decide whether an organization should develop its human resource policies and practices on the local context (Lloyd & Hrtel 2004). In developing an effective HRM system it is important to focus on alignment with performance management system in the organization. For example, criteria used for performance management is to be the same as those used for staffing, recruitment and training. This conveys a strong message about what is expected by the organization from the employees (Pulakos 2004). For the survival in this competitive marketplace, it is necessary to develop a capable and efficient workforce. Even if there is a probability of shutdown in the international market, Companies continue to expect growth of its activities. But Companies cannot find required number of qualified international candidates. It has been a complex issue to determine how companies achieve their goals for staff development, control and coordination, knowledge transfer, by taking effective staffing policies and. There are two broad contrasts in international staffing options. The first is an ethnocentric practices and policy. These policies may based on the view that the first choice for international or parent country positions are the parent country nationals. The second choice may be either region-based or geocentric policy that ensures the most suitable employee for the position is selected irrespective of their origin country. Emphasizing on the movement to overseas locations from parent company location is

buy custom Rehabilitation of First Degree Murderer essay

buy custom Rehabilitation of First Degree Murderer essay This section will be divided into sub-sections of background of study, problem statement, research objectives, and research questions, overview of the design of the research, significance of the study, and limitation of the study as well as chapters outline 1.1 Background to the Study This area will focus on the rehabilitation programs for the first-degree murderers, which have become the centre of interest among many nations of the world. These programs have gone a long way in helping first degree murderers cope with the psychological problems associated with tier cases. Many scholars in criminology have questioned the effectiveness of these programs with respect to reducing re-offending cases amongst first-degree murderers. The need to ensure that these murderers do not commit more murders in prisons has become inevitable. While many people think first-degree murderers are violent, committing a murder does not necessarily mean that one is violent. Many inmates convicted as first-degree murderers have not committed more than one murder. There are possibilities that the murder committed was as a result of temper or other states of mind that threw these persons off balance. Domestic violence has been attributed to numerous murders in the U.S. and the rest parts of the globe. Drug abuse and temporary insanity have also been ranked among causes of murders reported in many parts of the world. Despite many programs aimed at rehabilitating first-degree murderers and lots of campaigns that have been made, nothing has changed in so far as helping first degree murderers to accept their fate and embrace a more sober state of mind. This was caused by infective management of these programs and centres. Lack of enough skilled personnel has also undermined the efforts to have first-degree murderers rehabilitated. This does not, however, means that efforts to rehabilitate first-degree murderers have abated. There is a lot that can be done to ensure that these programs are beefed up. However, as mentioned earlier, the criteria for naming a first degree murderer is dependent upon the statute of the particular states prosecutions. A first-degree murderer is different from other classifications of murderers, since there is absolute premeditation attached to the murder committed. The distinguishing factor is that first-degree murderers act out of malice and unknown reasons unlike manslaughter and others, which in some cases tend to act in defence of against one self. The absolute diversity among effective programs in the U.S. lies in twixt of wealthy and poor states. Wealthy states have better programs than those in developing nations, which are suffocated by challenges ranging from managerial to skilled labour. Notably, in less developed countries, there are apparently little efforts and capital channelled towards improving the sorry state of these rehabilitation centres. This is due to the ignorance and short sightedness in seeing the need for this requirement. More to it is that, there is a poverty belt that is seemingly tight around the economy of these states. First-degree murderers rehabilitation centres are generally ineffective. Despite the fact that this condition is limiting the rehabilitation programs, the program initiators are working around the clock to see that they are able to beat this challenge. However, not all poor states lack the rehabilitation processes, some of them have welcomed the idea of beefing up these programs. There is, however, the quest from effective programs, which nation-states must go round. Lack of adequate cash to run the programs, negative attitude towards first degree murderers, adequate skilled personnel and poor management are some of these challenges. 1.2 Problem Statement This part will briefly state the key focus of the study in the form of a statement of the problem. The statement will be as follows: Ineffective programs in the rehabilitation of first-degree murderer. 1.3 Research Objectives and Research Questions This section will split the problem statement into various autonomous sub-parts, which will form the background of the study, including the questionnaire formulation and incorporation of the distinct facets. The prime objectives of the study will be; The rehabilitation programs for the first-degree murderers. The comparisons of rehabilitation programs in the develop and developing nations. Factors hindering the rehabilitation program The research questions will seek to achieve the following; What is the fate of programs in the rehabilitation of first-degree murderer? What is the ineffectiveness of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers? What ways can improve the rehabilitation programs? The answers to these questions will be obtained after the data is collected and analyzed, predominantly, in the methodology. 1.4 Research Overview and Design This section will lay out the tools that will be employed by this study. The primary data will chiefly comes from the questionnaires tactically formulated and presented to ten or more rehabilitation centres, which have dealt with cases of the first-degree murderer. The secondary data will come from the peer-reviewed journals, books, academic articles and other scientific publications accessible via the internet and in academic libraries. The information on this data will consist of the previous studies conducted in line with the programs of rehabilitation for the first-degree murderer and impacts of these programs among other comparable studies. 1.5 Significance of the Study This research is ultimately significant. While many studies have been channelled towards the general sense of the ineffectiveness of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers, little attention has been channelled towards unravelling the intricate nature of the ineffectiveness and how it can be corrected. The recent researches in this area have only been successful in designing programs deemed effective for rehabilitating first-degree murderers. Due to lack of enough data to inform the designs on the complex but practical nature of rehabilitating first-degree murderers, these designs have also failed to solve the inherent ineffectiveness. Provision of reliable data and literature on this area is still overdue. 1.6 Limitations of the Study The research anticipates the following limitations, which may inconvenience the outcome of the results; Due to its digested survey, criteria the research might fail to reveal the aggregate nature of all rehabilitation centers for first-degree murderers. The methodology incorporated in the sampling might be biased as there is a preselected section that the survey will be generated from and the findings may, therefore, be biased. 1.7 Chapter Overview This part will briefly introduce other chapters in the document, including the literature review chapter, methodology chapter, analysis chapter, and the conclusion chapter respectively. 2.0 Literature Review This chapter will briefly look into the very scanty literature exists in the field of rehabilitation centres for first-degree murderers. However, from as early as the 18th century, the governments saw the need to curb cases of murder many of them have been reluctant to give a second chance to first-degree murderers. Frst-degree murderers have been regarded as a danger to the society and people with psychological problems that overwhelm modern problem solving tools. A number of scholars have made some comments in various academic publications that this research will find useful. Though successful to some people, the rehabilitation does not entirely help everyone (Shover, 2004). Some of the murderers are born-murderers and hence the ability of rehabilitation to this inborn trait can bring little or no effect thus eluding change. Murder, like any action, can lead to addiction thus developing a passion for murder. When a murderer commits murder for fun, rehabilitating him/her may not yield desired fruits. In such a case, rehabilitation is rendered useless and a mere wastage of time and money. Experts in these programs should be able to classify murderers in terms of candid motives for murder (Shover, 2004). Some of the murderers, as Friedrichs (1999) studied, tend to make the rehabilitation programs difficult to carry out; this is as a result of some of them are so used to the killings that they are unable to cease the behaviour. Lack of proper handling skills of the murderers is one factor that is limiting the efficiency of outcome of this crucial rehabilitation. This is due to the lack of the required skilled personnel in the handling of the victims could also act as an untimely brake into the motion of the important deed. Some states do not recommend such rehabilitation actions since the acts are not disciplinary in nature. In turn, they opt for actions, which they claim to be disciplinary to the murderer like hanging, and thus the victim ends up facing the dying lieu of being rehabilitated. This, according to Friedrichs (1999), completely shows that the rehabilitation is not important and thus instead of its spread and development, it is, unfortunately, rendered stagnant or fully re trogressive. Some murderers tend to pose fake identity that makes rehabilitators think that they are reformed and ready to be released (Felson, 2005). On release, they re-offend swatting at the progress thought to have been made during rehabilitation. Moreover, other rehabilitators tend to let go of the victims before they are fully through their recovery process, this act is undoubtedly premature as the person in question has not passed through all the required metamorphosis of the structure of the program. These two latter inter-related matters only end up in major drawbacks and turmoil to the rehabilitation work as it is seen to be null and void, unnecessary and ineffective. Feins (2008) states that, negligence on the part of rehabilitators is also evident in the developing countries. Professionals charged with helping murderers do not act their part, thus the anticipated outcomes of reformed criminals are not attained. The rehabilitation period is, therefore, prolonged or fails to take place at all. The causes for these challenges mainly emanate from the lackadaisical manner that government handles rehabilitation centres. Governments do not work hand in hand with the rehabilitation centres so as to help change the citizens of its country. In this context, the governments have been found wanting and below par of their expectations in matters so crucial in nation building. Researches conducted over the years by Carr (2009) and Fennelly (2001) have provided the information that some of the first degree murderers are either insane or undertake their killing under the influence of drugs. This has been contributed by inhuman actions done or committed by any human. This factor poses a major challenge to the rehabilitation in a way that the staffs working in them have to face two problems at a time; the insanity and the drug addiction problem. Most of rehabilitated murderers carry aspects of violence and reoffending tendencies making whole reformation process more complicated. Some fight amongst themselves due to little misunderstandings or the malice thing that keeps them on their toes. This behavior from the victims can pose a major challenge as the people involved in the reforming agenda are expected to find new ways of coping with the problem lest the program fails to achieve its set objectives (Shover, 2004). Developing countries may have negligence to their rehabilitees; this is either for the lack of apt concentration by the rehabilitators, this might be due to lack of motivation from the government or due to poor pay or no wages at all to the people working to rehabilitate the murderers. Lack of well-trained rehabilitation practitioners is also another challenging vice that keeps the programs stagnant; the rehabilitants need to be well educated to know ones characters and physiological moods. This aspect will help them know whether some murderers act out of anger or fear, for instance (Samaha, 2000). Management is an essential part of any program in that if an initiative does not have sound leadership and management; it is likely to miss the objectives. Strategic managers motivate employees to work hard and provide a good standard and quality by providing the much needed leadership and guidance. Good managers are aware that if they want their programs to be given a high priority and attain good standards, they have to portray an exceptional behaviour, so that others can copy from them (Siegel, 2004). They will always strive to establish principles concerning treatment of employees and the approach to achieving the organizational goals. They also seek to establish high performance and excellence standards. In the case of programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murderer, participative management in the programs including government, murderers, experts and other interested parties is deemed to work for the better. Participative management has been described as an open type of management where the experts and those being rehabilitated have a strong say in the decision-making function. Managers who are actively seeking a strong cooperative relationship with their employees and subordinates have developed it. Participative management is one of the new approaches and best practices in managing the diverse programs especially in psychology and criminology, (Project Management Institute, 2004). Given that participative management makes experts more responsible and highly accountable since they left to make all decisions regarding their jobs, there is an imminent danger of experts making costly decisions to the rehabilitation program (Project Management Institute, 2004). The problem of management for first degree murderers rehabilitation becomes more complicated if a greater percentage of personnel is not well informed and educated on the nature of rehabilitating this special group of inmates. Research by Fry Raadschelders (2008) observes that many rehabilitation centres have failed to help patients due to their inherent use of the rigid old system of public administration. The state, therefore, is the sole decision maker and the general public, to which services are intended, remains passive in management. There is a need, as Fry Raadschelders (2008) further explain, to come up with a more welfare-oriented system of management in rehabilitation programs. Fry Raadschelders (2008) give six fundamentals that are the core to the success of rehabilitation programs for inmates irrespective of the crimes committed. First of the fundamentals is the existence of a catalytic government that propels and ensures successful implementation of therapeutic approaches to inmates. Under this fundamental, say Fry Raadschelders (2008), it is good to understand that the main driver of a successful rehabilitation program is not the basic value of managing a centers current programs but the room to allow for newer approaches to a particular managerial situation. The second fundamental is community based welfare that seeks to ensure that the general public is empowered to sustain itself instead of the mere emphasis of ensuring that community needs are met. Thirdly, the program management style upholds the need for competitive systems across various rehabilitation centres. Governments need to put rehabilitation practitioners in a competing mode in order to ensure that quality and efficiency in service delivery is gauged on a yardstick, Project Management Institute, 2004). 3.0 Research Methodology In this chapter, the actual tools of research will clearly be laid down. The study will deeply be rooted on quantitative methodology and composed of several sections. Some of these sections will include method of data collection through questionnaire method, sampling, presets, and methods of data collection as well as analysis. Essentially, the case studies will be critically analyzed in the secondary sources, in order to identify various factors that led to ineffective programs in the rehabilitation center for first degree murders. The study will further aim to show how lack of enough personnels has aggravated this problem in various rehabilitations centers across the world. Primary data is obtained through the use of questionnaires, which will be randomly distributed to the sampled respondents. This chapter will also look at the ethical considerations, as well as the limitations of the study. 3.1 Questionnaire Design In most of the Meta analysis, structured-undistinguished questionnaires are mostly used. The questionnaires consist of questions, having similar wording as well as written in the similar order, to all of the intended respondents. In addition, the responses along with the questions are often standardized. The main factor for standardizing these questions as well as the responses is to ensure that all of the intended respondents offers their responses to the same question. The questionnaire will consists of the dichotomous questions, the multichotomous questions, and some will be designed to scales. When the questions contain fixed alternatives, indeed they can be considered to be either multichotomous, dichotomous, or scales. Multichotomous question can be defined as a fixed alternative question, where the respondents are given the chance to select among the numerous alternatives, which have provided a response that most closely matches to their view of the subject under discussion. O n the other hand, dichotomous questions are also considered to have fixed alternatives, though they only have two alternatives from where the respondents are expected to provide their views. Scale questions are mostly used to determine the frequency of a happening and determining how much the respondent will either agree or disagree with the type or question being asked. However, it is worth noting that the scales measures can be easily applied when the type of alternatives provided are identical in numerous questions. The questionnaire will be designed basically with the help of some questions sourced from the existing studies. Generally, for this study major aim of the questionnaires will be to determine the efficiency of the current systems of rehabilitating first degree murderers in terms of programming, identification of needs, and formulation of strategies, implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness. 3.2 Sampling When designing the sample to be used in the study, it is crucial to specify the sample size, the sample selection process, and the sample frame. The sample frame is mainly considered as the inventory of the population elements, which will be applied in creating the entire sample. Further, it is crucial to bear in mind that the entire sample selection process demands that the sample form be clearly specified. In this study, the sample will be obtained from several rehabilitation centres, where murderers of first degree are held. The targeted population to be surveyed was basically the management as well as the employees working in the rehabilitation centres. Generally, in this study the researcher will be interested in finding out if rehabilitation programs are decided by government officials or murderer needs are also considered. 3.3 Data Collection Method There are numerous methods, which have been provided by various authors that could be applied in collecting quantitative data. These include e-mail survey, telephone interviews, mail survey, web surveys, and personal interviews among many other forms. The use of interviews as a method of collecting primary data for this study will be rejected because of timing as well as the associated cost factors. In this study, data will be collected by the use of questionnaires. This is due to the fact that they are reliable, economical as well as offer the respondents with adequate time to provide the required information. The reason as to why this study preferred to use mail questionnaires was due to the fact that they are reliable and at the same time. The data collection process will be expected to take about one and a half months, after that data was analyzed to find out whether the research questions had actually been answered or not. Further, pretesting was also done, in order to identify the ambiguous questions as well as determine if the order of the questions was right. 3.4 Pretesting Pretesting is done to ensure that the researchers aims and expectations, with regard to the information that will be collected from all the application of the questionnaires, are actually attained. It is notable that assert that in this study, the respondents will be composed of a large proportion of the sample population, and will be comparable to those that will be applied in the real study. 3.5 Measurement Scales It is crucial noting that the summated scales are mostly made from the statements, which are found within the questionnaire. However, for this study, both the factors as well as the reliability analysis are applied in confirming the measurement scales. The reliability of the measurement scales highlighted by the literature will first be analyzed. This will be followed by the factor analysis, in order to ensure that the same thing is being measured. However, the measurement scales, which were supposed to measure certain aspects such as uncertainty and levels of specialization, contained suspicious reliability. 3.6 Data Analysis The data will be collected through the use of questionnaires that will be coded into the Statistical Analysis Program (SPSS). This will consists of several distinct statistical tests as well as analyses. The descriptive analyses will first conduct, in order to offer a description of the data. The measurement constructs factors that have led to infective programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murders will be shown. 3.7 Regression Model for Testing the Hypotheses Regression analysis is mostly used to test the hypotheses, in order to determine which independent variable justifies the dependent variable, which is assessing factors resulting to infective programs in the rehabilitation of first degree murders. In this part various hypothesis will be formulated. 3.8 Ethical Considerations There are several ethical issues, which will be considered while designing and conducting this research study. Some of them will include the freedom for each participant to take part in this study, a full disclosure of the type of the study, associated risks, as well as benefits will be provided to all the participants just to ensure their decisions in taking part in the study was justified. Privacy as well as confidentiality of the participants will be ensured Buy custom Rehabilitation of First Degree Murderer essay

Free sample - Euthanasia. translation missing

Euthanasia. EuthanasiaEuthanasia is the intentional termination of life of a very sick person's life in order to relieve them of their suffering. This is usually in cases where the person has an incurable condition. There are other instances where some people want their life to be ended. In many cases, it is carried out at the person's request but there are times when they may be too ill and the decision is made by relatives, medics or, in some instances, the courts. Euthanasia is classified in three different ways. These include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is also termed as assisted suicide and refers to a situation whereby a patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician. In this case, the patient consents to his or her life being terminated. Those who believe in voluntary euthanasia argue that if an individual has a tormenting illness, he may have intolerable pain that may be a burden to his life. Terminal illness also makes one to be too dependent on others especially the close relatives and friends. It is argued that a patient who has been on a life support machine for long may have voluntary wish to die. However he may not be able to commit suicide without assistance, and therefore voluntary euthanasia may be applied if the patient had expressed such a wish. Non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable. This is implemented when a person is not in a position to decide or have his wishes known. It mostly occurs in cases where the person is in a coma, the individual is too young, senile, or has severe brain damage. If an individual is disturbed mentally to such an extent, then they should be assisted through non- voluntary euthanasia (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). Involuntary euthanasia is conducted against the willpower of the sick person. In this case a patient's life is ended without the patient's knowledge and consent. Often, the patient may be unconscious or extremely sick to depict what is going on. Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia can further be categorized into passive or active variants. Passive euthanasia may involve the withdrawal of basic treatments such as the administration of antibiotics that are necessary for life continuity. For active euthanasia, poisonous substances that are lethal may be used to terminate individual’s life and hence making this the most controversial means. There are arguments about whether euthanasia is a moral issue or not. These arguments are brought out in the arguments against euthanasia which puts through the issues that life is sacred, the act devalues life, it is against the will of God, the act is against the best interests of the person, it can be abused due to pressure from other interested parties, improved palliative care can be a solution to the suffering of the patient, if unregulated doctors may use it as a loophole not to be committed in their noble duty to care for patients. Arguments against euthanasia have been supported by current practical arguments which states that:  · Proper application of painkilling measures may render euthanasia useless.  · There's no way of properly regulating euthanasia  · Allowing euthanasia will lead to less good care for the terminally ill  · Allowing euthanasia undermines the commitment of doctors and nurses to saving lives  · Euthanasia may become a cost-effective way to treat the terminally ill  · Allowing euthanasia will discourage the search for new cures and treatments for the terminally ill  · Euthanasia undermines the motivation to provide good care for the dying, and good pain relief  · Euthanasia gives too much power to doctors  · Euthanasia exposes vulnerable people to pressure to end their lives  · Moral pressure on elderly relatives by selfish families  · Moral pressure to free up medical resources   Patients who are abandoned by their families may feel euthanasia is the only solution (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). There are also ethical arguments about euthanasia. some of the ethical arguments states that euthanasia weakens society's respect for the sanctity of life, accepting euthanasia accepts that some lives (those of the disabled or sick) are worth less than others, voluntary euthanasia is the start of a slippery slope that leads to involuntary euthanasia and the killing of people who are thought as undesirable, euthanasia might not be in a person's best interests, euthanasia affects other people's rights, not just those of the patient (Moreno, 1995). On the contrary arguments for and against euthanasia seem to be superseded by the principle of double effect. The principle of double effect; also commonly referred to as double-effect reasoning, involves ethical criteria for analyzing the permissibility of acting on behalf of the patient. For instance, terminating a patient’s pain will lead to an effect of death, which should be avoided under normal circumstances. However, for this principle to hold there are certain things which must be in place. The criteria mention that an action may be justifiable when the harmful effects cannot be separated from good effects. The nature of the act should however meet the basic moral ethics and harm should be minimized. In the society today euthanasia is also met with negative reception in the religious perspective of life. Religious people don't argue that we can't kill ourselves, or get others to do it. They know that we can do it because God has given us free will. Their argument is that it would be wrong for us to do so. They believe that every human being is the creation of God, and that this imposes certain limits on us. Our lives are not only our lives for us to do with as we see fit. To kill ourselves, or to get someone else to do it for us, is to deny God, and to deny God's rights over our lives and his right to choose the length of our lives and the way our lives end. Religious people in the soci ety may at times discredit euthanasia due to the belief that human beings are bound to suffer, as it brings them closer to God. Other arguments against euthanasia state that we need to demystify the myths and stigma associated with terminal illness by helping the patient and their relatives to cope and face the inevitable challenges (Panzer, 2000). This will help in adjusting to the sad scenario that is experienced upon the diagnosis of a terminal illness. It is important to encourage the patient to remain hopeful of the eventual healing. Talking to loved ones about ones illness will help interact freely with those who care about you. It is important to learn about the physical effects of the illness and control the symptoms in order to reduce pain, with loss of appetite and fatigue. In the American society today euthanasia has been met with morals, values and religious undertones. As a national Policy euthanasia is not supported in America. America as a nation stands firmly on the line of morality and societal values. However, there some states in America which have legalized euthanasia. The argument for making euthanasia legal is that the individual's freedom entails liberty or choice in all matters as long as the rights of any other person are not infringed upon. In the contrary, the argument that does not support the legalizing of euthanasia is that it negates the value of human life. It therefore follows that euthanasia may be abused by people who have wrong criminal intentions. A financial motive is sometimes advanced in favor of euthanasia (Keelan, 2006). It is quite expensive to maintain terminally ill persons and this may amount to wastage of resources when such patients succumb to their suffering in the long run. It costs money from the family of the government to keep terminally sick people on life support which will be wasted resources if they eventually die. These arguments informed the passing legal framework in three states of America, Washington, Oregon and Montana. However, looking at the national level public opinion on euthanasia is purely informed by religious affiliations and culture. In Christian perspective the church and especially the catholic and the Anglican Church euthanasia is not advocated for. According to the catholic catechism an act that is administered to reduce pain by causing death goes against the human dignity and it is disrespect to God. The error of judgment into which one can fall in good faith does not change the nature of this murderous act, which must always be forbidden and excluded (Murray, 2005).   However, the Lutheran church in November 9, 1992 adopted the famous "End of life decisions'' which seem to support euthanasia as a way of relieving those with severe suffering out of terminal illness. This included several decisions just to quote but one: When medical judgment determines that artificially-administered nutrition and hydration will not contribute to an improvement in the patient's underlying condition or prevent death from that condition, patients or their legal spokespersons may consider them unduly burdensome treatment. In these circumstances it may be morally responsible to withhold or withdraw them and allow death to occur (Benoway, 1992). The Orthodox Church firmly does not support euthanasia as it is perceived as committing murder by the people involved. This act is therefore sinful in nature (Perrett, 1996). Islam and Buddhism also respects the sanctity of life and therefore euthanasia is firmly prohibited and is seen as a violation of God's work and interfering with human kind. Euthanasia has since time immemorial attracted serious legal battles. In Montana in the United States of America a lawsuit was brought against the local government to allow euthanasia. This land mark judgment gave way for competent terminally ill patients to make decisions about when to take their lives. On December 5, 2008, state District Court judge Dorothy McCarter ruled in favor of a terminally ill Billings resident who had filed a lawsuit with the assistance of Compassion Choices, a patient rights group. The ruling illustrates that competent, terminally ill patients have the right to self-administer fatal doses of medication to as prescribed by a physician (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). Physicians who prescribe such medications have not broken any legal law to prompt their punishment. Recommendation Euthanasia is an act which continues to elicit reactions from the world over and this comes from mainly religious affiliation and culture. On one hand this research has found out that ethical arguments which points out that if supported it can lead to undesirable execution of people, it can also erode the professionalism of medical personnel who should be committed to offering care to patients. On the other hand this research points out that even practical arguments against euthanasia clearly shows that proper measure for pain reduction makes euthanasia unnecessary. Since there are no proper measures for the regulation of euthanasia, it is almost impossible to justify the reason of applying it regardless of the situation. References    Appel, J. (2004). "A Duty to Kill? A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of 1906". Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 78, Number 3, pp. 610–634.   Benoway, E. (1992). End of Life Decisions. Journal of Lutheran Ethics. Vol. 602 (54), 25-33. Colabawalla, B. (2008). Understanding voluntary euthanasia: a personal perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaveny, C., Murphy, J. (1997). "Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, and the Law.† Theological Studies. Vol. 45(23), 34-35. Keelan, N. (2006). The euthanasia debate. The University Standard. Vol. 12 (814), 54-60. Kevorkian, D. (2007). Euthanasia: the wrong way. The New York times. Vol.102; 231, 78-81. Moreno, J. (1995). Arguing Euthanasia. London: Simon Schuster Murray, D. (2005). "Archbishop says Church cannot back euthanasia." Times Online. Vol. 92 (27), 42-50. Panzer, P. (2000). Hospice patients alliance. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perrett, R. (1996). "Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life". J Med Ethics. 22 (5): 309–13.

Semestral Project- A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Essay

Semestral Project- A Tree Grows in Brooklyn - Essay Example Idealy as a woman Smith thought of encouraging the society through her novel. The theme of idealism and pragmatism has been the central themes in this book. Incidences of poverty, alcoholism, and lying are some of the challenges that most women face in marriage and in the society. Women are the light of the society and they play a big role in educating the next generation. For this reason, Betty states that women must start in believing in things that are not of this world. Betty means that things sometimes get ugly in the society and therefore women should adapt to these challenges. Betty mentions children who represents the next generation. That is why Betty suggest that it is only by having the courage to go beyond these challenges will the children survive to the next generation. Smith belives in education and emphasizes on books. She reminds the society that reading textbooks, bible, and works from Shakespere have a role in shaping and changing the children in the society as a w ay of enlightenment. The three generations reminds us about the gender roles in the society. Betty has been able to make a revision about the traditional gender roles about women in the society. She has not forgotten to explain how poverty changes the roles and traditions of the gender in the society. The tree manages to grow in Brooklyn because of the women. These women in this book have changed their roles and have turned into the breadwinners signifying the change of gender roles. These women have struggled with poverty and are providing their children with education enabling them to be better important in the society. Ironically, Katie’s hands is growing rough every day a she engages in a lot f physical activities while Johnny’s hand are becoming more smooth and he is wearing expensive clothing. This is the painful reality that Betty reminds all the women in the society to accept. She enlightens the women in the society to accept the fact that the world is always u nfair and those who work harder become poorer while those who work less earn more. Immigrant children are most disadvantaged by poverty; recent studies show that for children whose parents are undocumented, their performance in school is poor due to their economic situation. This is because, the parents earn low wages since they have low education levels and thus can only manage low-paying, dangerous and heavy jobs, their children have no medical insurance and are unable to get the basic amenities required for good education, for example textbooks, thus are forced to work with what they have (Betty Smith). Many immigrants are usually forced to leave school and work to help their family, Francie is no exception and after graduating from grad school, they look for work. Being wise Francie is able to save up some of her earnings and decides to send her brother back to school. This is a big sacrifice she has made believes that she will go to school when she saves more. After working a n umber of jobs Francie takes a summer College school, Katie remarries, this time to a wealthy businessman and politician, luck is changing for the family and Francie’s dreams are coming true, she later quits her teletyping job to start classes at the University of Michigan. When Francie visits her

MSc personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MSc personal statement - Essay Example The main reason for my application for this particular programme of study is related to my academic experiences whilst reading Biochemistry at Imperial College and in particular the specific modules of personal interest to me, Molecular Biology and Molecular Cell Biology. Moreover, driven by my interest in microbiology, I studied Molecular Basis of Bacterial Infection as one of my final year modules, which gave me an understanding of some of the fundamental principles of infectious diseases and molecular mechanisms used by specific bacteria during infection. Based on this, as well as my intrinsic interest for this research area, I believe that I possess the inherent tools required to build on and enhance my comprehension of the role of Virologists during the taught MSc course, tools prerequisite for working in the pharmaceutical industry. I have always held a keen interest in infectious agents and have directed my studies so far towards achieving success within this important area of study. My final year literature research project was based on the prevalent human pathogen Chlamydia.

Work Now trends (complete part one) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Work Now trends (complete part one) - Essay Example On the other hand, this gives the temporary employees a chance to determine their level of interest in that company. Working as a temporary employee gives the employees an advantage over the external applicants in times of a vacancy announcement. In the recent research, about 58% of the employers will prefer to pick the temporary workers in the next five or so years to external applicants (Jim, 2006). People working as temporary employers have a chance to associate with employees who may help them gain the permanent position or at times provide them with leads, and end up getting better positions elsewhere. Other than the above-mentioned impacts of temp-to-fulltime to the employer, the costs associated with hiring permanent workers is higher compared to that of the temporary employees. As the main aim of any business is maximization of profits, this strategy saves on costs; hence, more profit. People go for temporary jobs for experience, extra cash or if they have no other source of income. However, temp-to-fulltime strategy has its own shortcomings. With this kind of employment, nothing is guaranteed. Sometimes a company genuinely needs a temporary employee for just a specified time for various reasons. It gets frustrating for a person who took up that job with expectations of ever having that position permanently. One has to try to be perfect in everything, as the slightest mistake would mean immediate dismissal. This is not fair for everyone makes mistakes. These employees enjoy lesser benefits and lower income compared to their counterpart. This is despite the fact that they often do most of the work. The best secret to make any temporary job a permanent one is to perform excellently and assimilate into the company and its culture in the shortest time possible. Coming in early, offering to stay late in the office, complete the given assignment, and presenting it in time and having the right mindset are

The mistakes ICTY and the ICC of the Nuremberg war crimes trials Essay

The mistakes ICTY and the ICC of the Nuremberg war crimes trials - Essay Example The Nuremberg war crimes trials of 1945-1946 were also known as the IMT. These trials put in the trial the most prominent German leaders who were still surviving for their crimes against humanity. Apart from the primary trials, the Nuremberg trials had other twelve secondary trials that were conducted between 1946 and 1949. The first forty years after the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the world witnessed a period of slow progress in the development of the international criminal law. However, it is agreeable that in recent years, the international criminal law has developed tremendously.   To a greater extent, it has been argued that the Nuremberg war crimes trials formed a fundamental basis upon which the international criminal law and courts were developed. These trials established that the whole humanity would be guarded by the international legal shield and that prominent persons including the head of states would be held criminally responsible if they commit crimes against human ity. There is a common ground among many international legal practitioners and scholars that the right of humanitarian intervention that is aimed at putting the end to crimes against humanity gradually emerged from the principles of Nuremberg and affirmed by the United Nations.  After the Nuremberg trials, there were evident inadequacies and mistakes that were committed during the trials. Also, the awareness of the inadequacy of the law and the need for something to be done to enforce new war crime trials emerged.... The first forty years after the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the world witnessed a period of slow progress in development of the international criminal law. However, it is agreeable that in recent years, international criminal law has developed tremendously.3 To a greater extent, it has been argued that the Nuremberg war crimes trials formed a fundamental basis upon which the international criminal law and courts were developed. These trials established that the whole humanity would be guarded by international legal shield and that prominent persons including head of states would be held criminally responsible if they commit crimes against humanity. There is a common ground among many international legal practitioners and scholars that the right of humanitarian intervention that is aimed at putting the end to crimes against humanity gradually emerged from the principles of Nuremberg and affirmed by the United Nations.4 After the Nuremberg trials, there were evident inadequacies and m istakes that were committed during the trials. Also, the awareness of the inadequacy of the law and the need for something to be done to enforce new war crime trials emerged. There was evident failure by the international community to develop international criminal law that was binding in 1946; the UN committees that were charged with this responsibility were slow in developing statutes to try perpetrators of the crimes against humanity.5 The slow development of these laws led to the flourishing of international crimes. It is estimated that about 170 million civilians were subjected to crimes against humanity in the twentieth century and some of these crimes were committed after the formation of the UN.

HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HEALTH CARE - Essay Example The initial X-ray appears to be normal (pre-op). The pulmonary findings of subsequent radiograph in this patient, 3 days post-op resembles that of acute respiratory distress syndrome (increased interstitial pattern). No cardiac or pulmonary effusions were noted. This might have superimposed the findings of pneumonia and atelectasis secondary to mechanical ventilation. The third radiograph taken 4 days post operative shows decreased interstitial pattern suggestive of recovery. Post- surgery, the PO2 levels were very low, suggestive of hypoxemia. This can be expected in fat embolism (Weinhouse 2000). The PCO2 levels are also low suggestive of hyperventilation. The bicarbonate levels are slightly low, which is an attempt to compensate for the alkalosis. The overall picture of ABG is that of respiratory alkalosis. Following this, mechanical ventilation has improved the oxygenation which is evident in the subsequent ABGs. The pCO2 and bicarbonate levels have normalized and the pH is in the normal range. However the PaO2 levels have been fluctuating through out the first day post-op. The differential diagnosis mentioned is pulmonary thromboembolism, lipid embolus, myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema. The investigations reveal normal hemoglobin and platelet count, prolonged PT, normal LAP, normal urine analysis, normal liver function and renal function tests and normal cardiac profile enzymes. ABG is suggestive of severe hypoxemia and respiratory alkalosis, chest X-ray is suggestive of increased interstitial pattern and EKG showed no fresh ischemic changes. The EKG and normal cardiac enzymes rule out repeat myocardial infarction. The absence of Watermark’s sign in the chest X-ray rules out pulmonary embolism. However, the best method of ruling out this condition would be to do Doppler ECHO, rapid D- dimer tests and V/Q lung scan. PT/PTT would be normal in this condition. ABG would show fairly normal

The mistakes ICTY and the ICC of the Nuremberg war crimes trials Essay

The mistakes ICTY and the ICC of the Nuremberg war crimes trials - Essay Example The Nuremberg war crimes trials of 1945-1946 were also known as the IMT. These trials put in the trial the most prominent German leaders who were still surviving for their crimes against humanity. Apart from the primary trials, the Nuremberg trials had other twelve secondary trials that were conducted between 1946 and 1949. The first forty years after the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the world witnessed a period of slow progress in the development of the international criminal law. However, it is agreeable that in recent years, the international criminal law has developed tremendously.   To a greater extent, it has been argued that the Nuremberg war crimes trials formed a fundamental basis upon which the international criminal law and courts were developed. These trials established that the whole humanity would be guarded by the international legal shield and that prominent persons including the head of states would be held criminally responsible if they commit crimes against human ity. There is a common ground among many international legal practitioners and scholars that the right of humanitarian intervention that is aimed at putting the end to crimes against humanity gradually emerged from the principles of Nuremberg and affirmed by the United Nations.  After the Nuremberg trials, there were evident inadequacies and mistakes that were committed during the trials. Also, the awareness of the inadequacy of the law and the need for something to be done to enforce new war crime trials emerged.... The first forty years after the Nuremberg war crimes trials, the world witnessed a period of slow progress in development of the international criminal law. However, it is agreeable that in recent years, international criminal law has developed tremendously.3 To a greater extent, it has been argued that the Nuremberg war crimes trials formed a fundamental basis upon which the international criminal law and courts were developed. These trials established that the whole humanity would be guarded by international legal shield and that prominent persons including head of states would be held criminally responsible if they commit crimes against humanity. There is a common ground among many international legal practitioners and scholars that the right of humanitarian intervention that is aimed at putting the end to crimes against humanity gradually emerged from the principles of Nuremberg and affirmed by the United Nations.4 After the Nuremberg trials, there were evident inadequacies and m istakes that were committed during the trials. Also, the awareness of the inadequacy of the law and the need for something to be done to enforce new war crime trials emerged. There was evident failure by the international community to develop international criminal law that was binding in 1946; the UN committees that were charged with this responsibility were slow in developing statutes to try perpetrators of the crimes against humanity.5 The slow development of these laws led to the flourishing of international crimes. It is estimated that about 170 million civilians were subjected to crimes against humanity in the twentieth century and some of these crimes were committed after the formation of the UN.

Case Study Analysis- Planet Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Analysis- Planet Starbucks - Essay Example Starbucks was initially formed with the motto of selling good coffee with a unique flavor that a regular coffee brand wouldn’t offer. After the company was listed in the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ), the growth of the company accelerated and it opened 16,680 stores across the globe. High priced brews, Moccachinos, Cappuccinos, Lattes and frappes have awakened the senses of 50 million customers approximately worldwide. Starbucks was formed initially in the year 1971 in Seattle (Burks 2009, 1). In the year 2013, the sales of global Starbucks stores grew by 8 percent and the expansion of the stores grew by 12 percent with revenue of $2.78 billion (Fontevecchia 2013). The company generated huge revenue from China and Asia Pacific region and earned a major part of the share in the coffee industry. Starbucks is one of the most coveted brands in the coffee industry and has a highly developed copyright, logo, brand and trademarks. In the year 2010, the company’s profit margin had hit hard during recession but the company immediately regained profits by 12.7 percent in the year 2012. Brand Power: In Australia, the brand is strongly associated with customer loyalty and innovative capabilities. The Company has maintained strong revenues, earnings per share, operating income and comparable store sales. Brand promise is crucial for Starbucks and the company has been using high quality beans. It has been observed that the customers prefer having Arabica over Robusta beans and accounts for 75 percent of the worldwide production (Burks 2009, 07). Starbucks uses high quality Arabica beans for serving the customers for their satisfaction purposes. European Coffee Houses: The Australian customers prefer cafà © chain similar to European coffee houses. The European Coffee houses were traditional and had an old charm to it and a warm atmosphere. Starbuck

Aggressive in behaviour Essay Example for Free

Aggressive in behaviour Essay I will use this as my title for the purposes of planning. In 1998, 47% of female prisoners had dependent children (Flynn, 1998:75). In 1999 this was estimated to be more like 55% based on those with children sixteen or under. With the female prison population numbering around 3,250, the number of women estimated to have young children is 1788 (Harris, 2000:iv). So I feel it would be useful to try and locate around 10% of this number and ask for permission to interview and study their children. This figure would still mean a lot of work for the researchers and there would need to be several as not all of those approached would give permission for the research to involve their children. As a result, I have determined that the best methods of research will be interviews and observations. The reason I have chosen these methodologies is because they are more informal, and when working with children, it is more likely to yield results than questionnaires. Questionnaires are problematical for younger children, who may be unable to write and face to face techniques are more likely to obtain information questionnaires are not always filled in or returned to the researchers (Bell, 1999:130). The benefits of interviewing and observation preclude the use of questionnaires, in part because they allow a certain flexibility for the researcher to further investigate any new ideas which may become apparent (Browne, 1997:406, 414). Observation is beneficial to the researcher because it can allow for additional details to be noted which the child might be unable or unwilling to express. Interviews permit a degree of familiarity between the researcher and the subject, and in turn may present opportunity to further discuss any points which the researcher feel are relevant. In questioning children, the ethics are complex. Permission to interview the child has to be obtained, and it might be unclear from whom it should be procured. The British Psychological Society in 1996 set down a code of ethics and conduct in which it was stipulated that if the research affects someone not able to give valid consent, i.e. a child under the age of eighteen, then it needs to be obtained from whomever has legal authority to give it (Lindsay, 2000:14-15). The first people deemed to be those with parental responsibility are the natural parents. Exceptions to this include a carer who has a resident order under the 1989 Children Act, anyone holding a temporary emergency protection order or the local authority if the child is in care (Masson, 2000:37). If the mother is in prison, as is necessary for his research, obtaining information regarding their children might be a contentious point. It will involve the co-operation of the prison management in addition to the parents, children, and the childs place of education. There being only sixteen prisons in England and Wales which house female prisoners (Flynn, 1998:57), I feel it would be easier to gain the information from a women-only establishment as the administration may be more familiar with the inmates and perhaps will be in a position to assist the research. This would require asking the prison to identify those prisoners with children, which I believe is a detail which would perhaps already be on a database. If this is not the case, it would then involve asking the women in the prison to come forward. This would undoubtedly cause difficulties, as they may not wish to do so, perhaps through disinterest in the research or an unwillingness to be set part from the others as a result of it. Women who have been separated from their children, for whatever reason, may be emotional as a result, and therefore sensitivity is an absolute necessity. The disruption to the prison is also something which needs to be taken into consideration, but:  most prisoners find it a welcome change to talk to outsiders  (King, 2000:303). Once women with children between the ages of two and seventeen years have been identified and approached, their permission to interview their children must be obtained. Authorisation should also be secured from the person caring for the child away from the prison, as it is actually ethically wrong to ask permission for such things from the parent not currently the full-time carer (Masson, 2000:38). I do not know the ethics on continuing on the sole permission of the carer rather than the mother. This is the only clear means of getting access to the information required, as it would be too difficult to poll schools for the information. They would not be able to divulge the data on the children without parental permission anyway. If permission is not given by the mother or the carer, the child will not be contacted in any way. It might be interesting, however, to ask why the parents did not want to take part. Once permission has been gained, the next step is to decide where would be best for the child to hold the interviews. The parents may have suggestions themselves, as they may prefer to have the interview conducted in their presence. This is something which will have to be taken into consideration in the conduct of the project, as it may have a bearing on the behaviour of the child. The presence of a parent, teacher or carer may influence the way the child acts, albeit perhaps indirectly, so affecting their responses to the questions. It would undoubtedly be better to interview all the children under the same conditions, but this might not be possible so it would be advisable to be prepared to be flexible. The best place would be somewhere neutral to the child perhaps a local community centre, preferably interviewing the child twice once with a parent, carer or teacher in the room, then once without them there. I believe this might show a variance in the childs attitude and behaviour towards the researcher and their questions, as they will have an audience to play to when someone they know well is in the room. It is essential, however, to interview the child in a setting in which they are comfortable. If the parents feel it would be best to interview at their home, then places such as the garden or even the stairs may provide a sense of security for the child (Masson, 2000:43). Otherwise another place to carry out an interview might be the childs school. If the child is hostile to their school-life however, this may introduce elements of bias into their interview compared to other children who may have been interviewed at home or at a community centre. The practicality of eliciting reliable information from a child (under eighteen years of age), is a point which quickly becomes clouded with other issues. The words of an adult may be too complex or the sentence structure poorly formed, so that a child become confused. This has been proven to be the case by several authors (Walker, 1994, Dockrell, Lewis Lindsay, 2000), and includes children up to the age of eighteen. Minors, even those nearly eighteen, are not always proficient in language skills, and may have difficulty understanding the wording of questions or in formulating their own answers (Walker, 1994:4). There is a need to be sure of how a child is answering a question put to them, as they could be responding to a part of a question rather than the whole question.

Impact of immigration: The UK hospitality sector

Impact of immigration: The UK hospitality sector Immigration may be defined as a process of movement of people into a country for various purposes like education, tourism, job etc. The most significant immigration movement may be observed as the tourists movement for the purpose of leisure and holiday. A very important aspect associated with the immigration process is the enrichment of the culture. However there have also been the instances of the unauthorised movement of the refugees into a nation. This is a drawback. Immigration process has a positive impact on the developed economy like UK. Hospitality and Tourism sector contributes to as much as 6% in the GDP of the nation. The significant contribution is due to the availability of the business opportunities for the facilities like hotels, tour planners, business events organizers, motels, outings planners, etc. The people, who are involved in rendering these services to the tourist, serve the need of the people in a foreign nation and at the same time generate the employment opportunities as well. Immigration figures reveal that the Europe has recorded largest number of immigrants viz. 70.6 million in year 2005. UK has witnessed the major immigration since World War II. The prisoners and the workers who were brought into the country to help to rebuild the post war situation have remained in the nation and become an integral part of the nation. Research Objectives: The objectives of the dissertation are to study the Current Immigration Legislation of UK identify its Impact on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Rationale of the project: The rationale of the project is to to study the Current Immigration Legislation of UK identify its Impact on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. The research also undertakes the motivation related aspects to drive the people interest towards UK tourism, which is highly cost effective, and impacts of the achievement of these objectives. Research methodology: The Research Methodology comprises of formulation definition of problem, which will include a detailed study, and investigation of the issues pertaining to the motivation and strategies of the UK hospitality and tourism issues as per the immigration legislation of UK. The study will comprise of the identification of the major drivers and cost aspects associated with the immigration legislation of UK. The usage of the UK immigration legislation involved in the smooth adoption of the changing mindset among tourists and the people directly or indirectly involved in the hospitality sector, which will be in due course of time be the key to success. A survey will be conducted to analyze the current Immigration Legislation of UK and its Impact on the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. Impact of Immigration on hospitality sector of UK The hospitality sector of UK is very diverse in nature. This sector comprises of 14 industries that includes hotels to catering services to cleaning services. The turnover of hospitality sector of UK is around 135 $ billion every year. This sector employs 1.9 million of people in more than 180,000 establishments. Most of the people are employed by private sector and around 500,000 people provide their hospitality services to other sectors like education and all (People 1st 2006a). Most of the small enterprises that employ ten people account for 75 percent of hospitality industry of UK and among them most of the enterprises are part of large organizations (Lucas 2004). The labor employed by the hospitality sector of UK account for 45 percent of labor market (People 1st 2006a). The 1.9 million of people employed in the hospitality sector represent 7 percent of overall working population of UK. Among 1.9 million of people most of the people are employed by restaurants of UK. The workforce of hospitality industry in UK consists of young people, student, women, ethnic groups, and migrants (Wood, 1997). Anderson et al, (2006) stated that Most of the immigrants stay in a country for a limited period of time like most of Eastern European migrants stay in UK for a limited period of time and returns to their home countries and thereby affecting the hospitality and other sectors of UK. In order to correct this situation Minister David Lammy stated that british employers should only impact proper training to their employees rather than developing reliance on their workers (Caterer, 2007). Earlier migrants in UK usually worked in back of functions like kitchen services, and other services where in they have to limit their interaction with their customers like room service or cleaners (Anderson et al, 2007). Most of non-British people in hospitality sector are hotel porters rather than mangers. As shown in (LFS, 2007) survey there are around 23.4 non-British hotel porters and 8.6 percent of hotel managers. Migrants in hospitality sector of UK share commonalities with British workers in their long working hours, minimum pay or holiday allowances and other employment practices. (Wright and Pollert, 2006). Hospitality and Tourism sector of Ireland In order to study the impact of immigration on the hospitality and tourism industry we are targeting only one country of UK in our research in order to make our research work more comprehensive and valuable that is Ireland. The hospitality and tourism sector is the most important sector of Ireland. It is the large employer for immigrants in UK. The hospitality and tourism sector currently employ more than 130,000 workers and among them 30 percent are immigrants (autumn 2007). The number of immigrants employed in this sector is more than double the entire Ireland economy. In the year 2004 Ireland invited immigrants in their labor market and majority of immigrants are from Eastern Europe. In hospitality sector there has been a massive increase in immigrants from 5,700 in 2004 to 22,500 in the year 2007. The hospitality sector of Ireland consists of small and medium sized properties. There are around 854 hotels in Ireland with the total room capacity of 45,773 according to survey of tourism business and employment in the year 2005. There has been an increase in the room capacity of Ireland hospitality industry of around 5000 rooms from the year 2001 (Failte, 2005). There are many hotel properties in Ireland like Dublin that has 143 hotels, the West that has 137 hotels and many more. There are 2,542 licensed restaurants in Ireland in the year 2005 (Failte Ireland, 2005b) that were located in the Dublin region, eastern and southern region of Ireland. There are also unlicensed in Ireland that account for 1,316 premises (Failte Ireland, 2005c) In the year 2003 Tourism policy Review group was established in order to view the economic growth of hospitality and tourism Industry of Ireland due to increased number of visitors from million in the year 2003 to 10 million visitors in the year 2012 as predicted by Tourism Policy review group. The aim objective of establishing this group is to attract and recruit skilled workers in Ireland and enhance the economic condition of Ireland (Fà ¡ilte Ireland, 2005d). As stated by Failte in the year (2005d), Immigration in ireland will lead to various changes like in demographic factors of Ireland like changes in the age structure of Irish population, immigration will lead to tough competition for domestic workers and will lead to shortage of laborers for the hospitality sector (Failte Ireland, 2005d) Migrants and Employment As Stated above the total employment in hotel and restaurants grew from 112,600 in the year 2004 to 130000 in the year 2007. This shows that there have been increase in the employment rate of 15 percent. From the above diagram we can say that the total employment in Ireland grew from 1894,000 to 2,141,000 i.e. an increase of 13 percent can be seen in the employment rate in Ireland only. The growth in the employment rate was rapid in this sector other than any other sectors of Ireland. From the above table we can also see that the number of Irish population employed by this sector is reducing whereby the number of other nationalities people employed by this sector is increasing rapidly and hence the number of migrants employed by this sector is increasing rapidly. As shown in the above figure the number of immigrants employed by this sector has been increased from 18 percent in the year 2004 to 30%. The total number of migrants employed by Ireland alone has rise from 6 percent in the year 2004 to 12 percent in the year 2007. Immigration has become of the most important factor in UK due to increased foreign born population in UK over the past 40 years. The rapid increase in the level of immigration has challenged the domestic labor market due to increase number of foreign born workers in UK. Immigration has also resulted into various benefits like eliminating the shortage of labor supply in the market, enhancing the work ethic and raising the productivity level, helps in developing good trade relations with their home countries. Impact of Immigration on hospitality sector of UK The hospitality sector of UK consists of various industries like hotels, restaurants, and public houses. Today migrant labors play an important role in hospitality sector of UK due to availability of huge number of migrants that are motivated to work for longer hour at a lower cost and that is the reason why immigration laws play an important role in hiring labor in the labor market. Today many employers are concerned with the immigration law because tightening of immigration laws will have a negative impact for employers to utilize the capabilities of low cost workers and will affect their profits. The turnover of UK hospitality sector from their 14 industries is around $ 135 billion every year. The number of people employed by hospitality sector of UK is around 1.9 million people. Majority of people are employed by the private sector of hospitality industry and around 500000 people provide their hospitality serves in other sectors like education, and other sectors. (People 1st 2006a). The workforce of 1.9 million people employed by this sector of UK represents 7 percent of overall population in UK. In UK restaurants employ huge number of people and 57 people employed by them are women. The workforce of hospitality sector of UK consists of young people, women, ethnic and migrants (Lucas, 2004). Dickinson et al, (2008), Migrant Workers: Economic Issues and Opportunities, SQW Consuliting, ViewPoint Series, Issue 2 The availability of cheap airline travel has enabled free movement of people across the globe. Over a period of 10 years there has been a huge immigration in European Union. The huge membership of immigration in European Union and relatively strong economy of UK has resulted into large inward immigration in UK. Over the period of 15 years there has been a huge inward immigration in UK. The rise in immigration in UK started from 1997. From the year 1991 to 2000 the net inward migration in England of nearly 1.9 million and the migration in UK was on its peak in the year 2004 that is of 2,36,000 migration. In UK there has been huge inflow of migration from various countries. This paper looks at the scale of recent in-migration and its economic contours, rather than the implications of migration for public services and the housing market. It highlights a number of issues that regional, sub-regional and local organisations need to address if they are to promote sustainable economic competitiveness, in the context of large-scale international labour flows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ successfully filling vacancies in high-skilled sectors to drive productivity by ensuring the necessary amenities are in place to attract and keep mobile workers with skills that are in demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ maintaining the competitiveness of businesses by incorporating the learning and practices of migrant workers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ making the most of the mix of complementary skills that in-migration brings so that people concentrate their time on the activities they are most suited to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ using migrant workers skills to the maximum effect in order to raise productivity and minimise competition for low paid/low skilled work often involving support in speaking English and gaining access to social networks with up-to-date job information à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ developing a similar work ethic among all parts of the labour force employers often cite migrant workers work ethic as a reason for employing them over UK-born workers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ developing strategies for the long term viability of firms and sectors that appear to be reliant on a supply of low-paid, low-skilled workers from overseas. Immigration There is a huge growth in the share of immigration in UK. As shown below there has been huge growth in the working age immigration population in UK. Over the period of 15 years there has been 6.8 million immigration in UK. But in the year last quarter of 2008 UK has experienced decline in the number of immigrants due to economic downturn. The data on immigration comes from two sources: the Labour Force Survey (LFS) and International Passenger Survey (IPS). As per LFS the rate of inflow immigrants in UK has been falling from 2006 where as according to IPS the immigrants flow in UK is stable from 2006 to 2009. And the net inflow of immigration in UK is decreasing from 2007 from the highest inflow level of 200,000 to the current level of 147,000. The level of immigration depends on two factors economic performance of the country and its immigration policy. In UK immigration basically depends on its economic performance and its immigration policy. The immigration policy of UK follows a points-based immigration system that is UK aimed to restrict immigration from outside EU and encourage those people that are skilled. But in practice the number of people that comes in UK is for study or family reunion rather that work related reasons. Today immigration has increased in all countries over a period of time. The level of immigration has increased from 10.7% in the year 1998 to 13.8% in the year 2007. There are many countries that have experienced growth in their immigration level like Spain, Austria, Ireland and US (OECD, 2009). UK is ranked on the average level in terms of immigration i.e. the number of immigrants that come in UK. In UK the level of immigration has increased in all regions. London is one of the countries in UK that has experienced a high level of immigration. Where do immigrants settle? While the stock of immigrants has risen in all regions over time, it has risen most in London. Although there is some evidence to suggest that new immigrants are more regionally dispersed than in the past, immigrants constituted 39% of Londons population in 2009 (see Figure 2). The geographical dispersion of immigrant share across local areas is much larger. Around 60% of the working age populations of Brent and Westminster were born overseas compared with less than 3% of the populations of Knowsley or Redcar Cleveland. Benefits of Immigration Immigration leads to various benefits. It helps labor to move across the borders and ensure to do good job at good place. Immigration helps to reduce shortage of labor from the market. UK is a huge market and therefore it attracts huge labors. In UK there are labor shortages in some areas like in retail and hospitality sector due to huge turnover and high demand for skilled workers. The other advantages of immigration are immigrants are typically younger and are expert in some niches and helps company to balance their pension provision. Immigration also helps economy to grow through producing goods and services for the economy. Some experts stated that immigration leads to reduce the wage of workers that are in direct competition with them. Immigration on the other hand leads to high cost due to huge demand for their housing, health and other welfare facilities. Immigration has become one of the most important issues in UK. There has been rapid growth in the population of UK due to immigration from the year 1990. It was predicted that the population of UK will grow at rapid level from 60.6 million in the year 2006 to 71.1 million by 2031(ONS, 2006) and two third of the population growth in UK will be from immigration in UK. Immigration in UK in the year 2006 has achieved a high record of 591,000 people coming in UK. Immigration is not the only issue seen in UK. Today due to growth in global migration immigration is the main important factor of population growth in various countries. The growth of migration has resulted from various factors like changes in political factors, availability of cheap communication, and availability of opportunities in various countries. The major factor of movement of population is due to cheap air travel which encouraged many people to travel easily at various parts of globe for business visit purpose or leisure trips. In UK, Immigration and hospitality are associated directly and contribute towards the GDP of the nation. The association is mutually beneficial and helps the legislation planners in making appropriate provisions. Till now, this factor has been absolutely ignored by the planners, as the critical relationship that exists between hospitality and the immigration was not given adequate focus. As per the recent data published by the UKs Bureau of Labour Statistic to an extent of about 1.6 million hotel restaurant employees in the UK are immigrants or other individuals that have been foreign nationals. By 2003, it was a recorded fact that to an extent of one quarter of food service managers, have been born abroad thereby making the hotel restaurant industry a hospitality based sector that have employed one of the most diversified cross-cultural section of employees that have been immigrated from the diversified background and culture. During last few years, UK has introduced several immigration rules as a part of immigration legislation which comprises of the procedures like, naturalization, Visa services, tourist work permit and UK working visa. These rules form critical planning parameters for the hospitality and tourism industry in the country. The idea behind the opening of these opportunities is to benefit by the immigration of the highly skilled people. In UK the program of the immigration of highly skilled people is known by the name of highly skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP). The UK government introduced the program in its legislation, in year January 2002. This has been a successful effort. With the advent of the HSMP, hospitality sector has received a high boost. In UK, however the Tier-1 has replaced HSMP. This is a part of the five tier points based system used by UKs new strategic plan that is supposed to cater to the associated needs like study, training, work etc. These new routes are developed towards the enrichment of the hospitality sector. With the high skilled people the trend is however to seek extensions so as to remain under Tier 1. For Indian immigrants in UK, they are required to file the initial highly skilled migrant applications that are mandatory under the Tier 1 (General) rules. This was followed by the rest of the world on 30 June 2008 as the Tier 1 (General) scheme fully replaced the HSMP. The immigrant supported Visa program is processed by the UK Border Agency. It takes a period of several months for the processing of the UK visa application. It is due to various reasons that delays occur specially one may seek the whole day there and later on find that the applicant has failed to submit all the relevant documentation. Keeping in mind the above lags the UK Border agency has opened several counters that are authorized to seek the application form for the visa application and submit visa. This is another example of the planned hospitality that is benefiting the people willing to make entry into the nation. Mayer Brown,( 2009), Global Hospitality Leisure Update. Impact of immigration legislation on hospitality Tourism Industry of UK There is a huge impact of immigration on hospitality tourism industry of UK. The major impact of immigration in UK is on the Labour market of UK. In order to improve the labout market of UK the government of UK has developed new policies regulations. The new regulations of UK make it simply for UK employers to hire new immigrations in domestic market by putting more responsibilities on UK employers whereby employers has to keep a regular check maintain a up to-date records of immigrations. According toThe British Hospitality Association there are around 1.5 million people in UK hospitality tourism sector among which 23 percent of employees are foreigners in UK. In order to reduce the impact of immigrations on UK labour market the governemtn of UK is using a three effective strategies that are there should be increased penalities for offenders, the employer should strictly follow the employment law while employing foreigners in their organizations and all employers should implemen t a new point based system for skilled workers (Mayer Brown,2009). According to the government of UK, any employers that hire illegal workers in their organization will be charged with a fine of upto  £10,000 per illegal worker. And if the employers hire illegal immigrants in their organization knowingly then the employers will charged with an unlimited fine with 2 years of imprisonment. As this law was enforced in the year 2007 in UK, the largest fine charged by UK government till now is of  £30,000. The nest strategy of UK government in order to restrict immigration in their country is by enforcing strict regulation regarding employment law in UK. Employers are charged with a fine if they are caught for hiring illegal workers or immigrants in their organizations. In the year 2007 only 15 employers in UK were caught for hiring illegal immigrants in their organizations. And in the year 2008 500 cases were seen for hiring illegal immigrants in their organizations. The government of UK has also restricted the illegal hiring of employees from the t hird party also. According to Government of UK, those organizations that outsource their work from the third party will also be liable if they are found to hire illegal immigrants knowingly or unknowingly(Mayer Brown,2009). The third strategy used by government of UK in order to restrict ineffective immigration in their country was by implementing new points based system. The implementation of new points-based system for skilled workers was the most important strategy of government of UK to improve immigration law in their country. The new points-based system was based on Australian model that replace the earlier work permit scheme in UK (Mayer Brown,2009).. The new points- based system of UK needed employers of UK to obtain a license that is issued by UK Broder agency so as to offer jobs to skilled workers. An employer that has enabled license has to obtain sponsorship certificate to employ foreigners if the skilled vacancy is not filled in by the resident workers. Before employing migrant the employers have to advertise about the vacancy in newspaper for minimum 2 weeks and if in these 2 weeks no resident is eligible for the vacancy then employer can issue certificate to employ skilled migrants. Apart from this the employees have to attaint certain number of points for qualifications, earning, English speaking skills. All these requirements need to be fulfilled by immigrants in order to be employed in UK. But certain exemptions are possible for internal transfers for those occupations wherein there is a huge requirement for workers. In hospitality Tourism industry of UK only chefs are required due to major shortage of chefs in UK oth er than this no other workers are required or fall under shortage occupations (Mayer Brown,2009).. Hospitality and Tourism sector of Ireland In order to study the impact of immigration on the hospitality and tourism industry we are targeting only one country of UK in our research in order to make our research work more comprehensive and valuable that is Ireland. The hospitality and tourism sector is the most important sector of Ireland. It is the large employer for immigrants in UK. The hospitality and tourism sector currently employ more than 130,000 workers and among them 30 percent are immigrants (autumn 2007). The number of immigrants employed in this sector is more than double the entire Ireland economy. In the year 2004 Ireland invited immigrants in their labor market and majority of immigrants are from Eastern Europe. In hospitality sector there has been a massive increase in immigrants from 5,700 in 2004 to 22,500 in the year 2007. The hospitality sector of Ireland consists of small and medium sized properties. There are around 854 hotels in Ireland with the total room capacity of 45,773 according to survey of tourism business and employment in the year 2005. There has been an increase in the room capacity of Ireland hospitality industry of around 5000 rooms from the year 2001 (Failte, 2005). There are many hotel properties in Ireland like Dublin that has 143 hotels, the West that has 137 hotels and many more. There are 2,542 licensed restaurants in Ireland in the year 2005 (Failte Ireland, 2005b) that were located in the Dublin region, eastern and southern region of Ireland. There are also unlicensed in Ireland that account for 1,316 premises (Failte Ireland, 2005c) In the year 2003 Tourism policy Review group was established in order to view the economic growth of hospitality and tourism Industry of Ireland due to increased number of visitors from million in the year 2003 to 10 million visitors in the year 2012 as predicted by Tourism Policy review group. The aim objective of establishing this group is to attract and recruit skilled workers in Ireland and enhance the economic condition of Ireland (Fà ¡ilte Ireland, 2005d). As stated by Failte in the year (2005d), Immigration in Ireland was lead to various changes like in demographic factors of Ireland like changes in the age structure of Irish population, immigration also lead to tough competition for domestic workers and shortage of laborers for the hospitality sector (Failte Ireland, 2005d) The impact of immigration on Employment Policy of Ireland The following table depicts the employment in Ireland As Stated above the total employment in hotel and restaurants grew from 112,600 in the year 2004 to 130000 in the year 2007. This shows that there have been increase in the employment rate of 15 percent. From the above diagram we can say that the total employment in Ireland grew from 1894,000 to 2,141,000 i.e. an increase of 13 percent can be seen in the employment rate in Ireland only. The growth in the employment rate was rapid in this sector other than any other sectors of Ireland. From the above table we can also see that the number of Irish population employed by this sector is reducing whereby the number of other nationalities people employed by this sector is increasing rapidly and hence the number of migrants employed by this sector is increasing rapidly. As shown in the above figure the number of immigrants employed by this sector has been increased from 18 percent in the year 2004 to 30%. The total number of migrants employed by Ireland alone has rise from 6 percent in the year 2004 to 12 percent in the year 2007. The impact of immigration on trade union membership The trade union membership in Ireland is decreasing. The drop in the trade union membership is faster among men than women and the reduction of trade union membership is faster amongst non-Irish employees. Trade Union membership in Ireland, 1994-2002 As shown above the trade union membership is falling among all employees from 1994 to 2004. Traditionally the density of trade union is higher in Dublin than any other part of the country but now it is lower in Dublin. As stated by Grainger Crowther, 2007, the data on trade union membership on Ireland shows that trade union membership is higher by women than men and the membership rises with the employees qualifications with their occupations. In hospitality tourism sector of UK, the trade union membership in 1994 was over one fifth of all employees but from 2004 it was decreasing drastically. And in hotels restaurants the fall was largest in the same period. Trade Union Membership in Hospitality sector in 2006 The micro-data survey of QNHS stated that in 2006 overall trade union membership has decreased to 32.2 percent. It also stated that the overall trade union membership in hospitality sector of Ireland was merely 9 percent which is the lowest amongst the entire sector other than agriculture. The table shows that in hospitality sector the density of trade union membership is lower among women that among men in hospitality sector and the immigrants women membership were only 1.6 percent. Pay and Occupational Structure of hospitality sector of Ireland Some jobs in hospitality sector of Ireland are well paid jobs. The below table shows the wage structure all the sectors of Ireland. The above table shows that the average weekly earnings of hospitality sector is lowest than the entire service sector. The analysis done by QNHS shows that this sector has a large number of low skilled workers and have limited professional and limited number or administrative workers in this sector. Hotels restaurants: Occupational structure 2001 2006 The above table shows that majority of jobs in this sector are classified as personal protective sector and other services are managers administrators, professional and all. Impact of Immigration on hospitality sector of UK The hospitality sector of UK is very diverse in nature. This sector comprises of 14 industries that includes hotels to catering services to cleaning services. The turnover of hospitality sector of UK is around 135 $ billion every year. This sector employs 1.9 million of people in more than 180,000 establishments. Most of the people are employed by private sector and around 500,000 people provide their hospitality services to other sectors like education and all (People 1st 2006a). Most of the small enterprises that employ ten people account for 75 percent of hospitality industry of UK and among them most of the enterprises are part of large organizations (Lucas 2004). The labor employed by the hospitality sector of UK account for 45 percent of labor market (People 1st 2006a). The 1.9 million of people employed in the hospitality sector represent 7 percent of overall working population of UK. Among 1.9 million of people most of the people are employed by restaurants of UK. The workforce of hospitality industry in UK consists of young people, student, women, ethnic groups, and migrants (Wood, 1997). Anderson et al, (2006) stated that Most of the immigrants stay in a country for a limited period of time like most of Eastern European migrants stay in UK for a limited period of time and returns to their home countries and thereby affecting the hospitality and other sectors of UK. In order to correct this situation Minister David Lammy stated that british employers should only impact proper training to their employees rather than developing reliance on their workers (Caterer, 2007). Earlier migrants in UK usually worked in back of functions like kitchen services, and other services where in they have to limit their interaction with their customers like room service or cleaners (Anderson et al, 2007). Most of non-British people in hospitality sector are hotel porters rather than mangers. As shown in (LFS,